Report for school/ collage
alb{of
lhNnf, u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f= g+= & df /x]sf] l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] dw]lz ;d'bfodf rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff, k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg zLif{s ;DaGwL ul/Psf]
:ynut cWoog, @)&%
lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno lzIff zf:q ;+sfo rf/
jif]{ :gfts tx aL=P8=rf}yf] jif{sf] hg;+Vof lzIffdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7
-$$(_ ljifosf]
k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu tof/
kfl/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bg
cWoog ;d'x kl/Iff
l;=g=
cfZdf zdf{ #@$)))%
l8nf vqL #@$)))(
l;df /fjn #@$))#!
lagf rf}w/L #@$)))^
zld{nf /fgf du/ #@$))#$
aaO{ ax'd'vL SofDk;
lzIff zf:q ;+sfo
u'nl/of alb{of
@)&%
s[t1tf 1fkg -Acknoutedgment_
lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno lzIffzf:q ;+sfo
la=P8=rf}yf] jif{sf] hg;+Vof lzIff kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 -$$(_ ljifosf]
k|of]ufTds v08sf] kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{sf] lglDt of] cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5
.
o;
cWoogsf nflu cfˆgf] cd'No ;do ;'emfj lgb]{zg / dfu{bz{g ug'{x'g] P+j cWoog
;j]{If0fnfO{ k|ltj]bgsf] ?kdf Nofpgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{x'g] o; hg;+Vof lzIffdf
kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 ljifosf ljifo lzIfs >L lul//fh b]jsf]6f Ho' k|lt
cfef/ JoQm ub{5f} .
tYofª\s
;ª\sng ug]{ s|ddf xfdLnfO{ ljleGg tYofª\sx? pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug'{ x'g]
u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f=g+= & alb{ofsf j8f sfof{no k|d'v Ho' k|lt cfef/ k|s6
ug{ rfxfG5f} . To:t} u/L tYofª\s ;ªsng uf]{ s|ddf pQ/bftfx?df klg cfef/ k|s6
gu/L /xg ;Sb}gf} .
cGTodf
o; cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ uf]{ s|ddf ljleGg If]qaf6 ;xof]u k'Kofpg] ;Dk"0f{df
xflb{s wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxfG5f} . xfldn] u/]sf] o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;fy} cfuld
;j]{If\x?sf nflu ;d]t ;fdu|L x'g ;Sg] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f} .
cWooog ;d'x
cfZdf
zdf{
l8nf vqL
l;df /fjn
lagf rf}w/L
zld{nf /fgf du/
;xdltkq
-Approval sheet_
lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno lzIff zf:q ;+sfo cGt{ut aaO{ ax'd'vL SofDk; u'nl/of, alb{of rf/
jif]{ :gfts tx la=P8=rf}yf] jif{sf] hg;+Vof lzIffdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7
-$$(_ sf] cf+lza kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{sf nflu alb{of lhNnfsf] u'nl/of gu/kflnsfsf]
j8f g+= & l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] dw]lz ;d'bfodf rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff, k|of]u / k|efj
klxrfg zLif{sdf kfl/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bg d]/f] ;'k/Lj]If0fdf tof/kf/L cfGt/Ls
;'kl/j]Ifs dfkm{t k|:t't ePsf]df d"Nofª\sg ;'k/Kj]Ifs 4f/f l:js[t ul/G5 .
============================== ==============================
cfGt/Ls ;'k/Lj]Ifs jfXo ;'k/Lj]Ifs
ljifo
;"rL -Table of
content_
cWoof Ps -Chapter : One_
!=! cWoogsf] k[i6e"ld
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg
!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zox?
!=$ cWoogsf] dxTj
!=% cWoogsf ;Ldfx?
cWofo – b'O{(Chapter : Two)
;DalGwt
;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg
cWofo
– ltg (Chapter
: Three )
#=
cWoogsf] ljlw
#=!
cWoogsf] 9fFrf
#=@
cWoogsf] If]q
#=#
tYofª\ssf] ;|f]t
#=$ cWoogsf] gd'gf / gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof
#=% cWoogsf] ;fwg
#=^ cWoogsf] a}wtf
#=& tYofª\s ;ª\sng k|lqmof
#=* tYofª\ssf] AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f
cWofo–rf/
(Chapter:
Four)
$=! tYofª\ssf] AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f
$=@ vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f
$=# OGwgsf] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f
$=$ rkL{ ePsf] / gePsf] ljj/0f
$=% rkL{sf] k|sf/sf] ljj/0f
$=^ sRrL agfpg'sf] sf/0fsf] ljj/0f
$=& rkL{ agfpg] wf/0ffsf] ljj/0f
$=* rkL{ /x]s]f :yfgsf] ljj/0f
$=( rkL{sf] k|of]u lsg ug'{k5{ eGg] ljj/0f
$=!) rkL{sf] lgoldt k|of]usf] ljj/0f
$=!! rkL{sf] ;/;kmfO{sf] ljj/0f
$=!@ rkL{ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f
$=!# rkL{sf] k|of]u kZrft xftsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug]{sf]
ljj/0f
$=!$ v'Nnf d}bfgdf lbzflk;fa ug]{sf] ljj/0f
$=!% rkL{sf] kmfO{bfsf] ljj/0f
$=!^ emf8fkvfnf cfpF, x}hfaf6 k|efljt ljj/0f
$=!& rkL{sf] k|of]u kZrft c?nfO{ ;Gb]z lbg] ljj/0f
cWofo–kfFr(Chapter : Five)
%=
;f/fz+, lgis{z / ;'emfax?
%=! ;f/fz+
%=@ lgis{z
%=# ;'emfax?
cWofo–Ps
!=! cWoogsf] k[i6e"dL -Background of the study_
lqe'jg
ljZj ljBfno lzIff zf:q ;+sfo cGt{ut aaO{ ax'd'vL SofDk; rf/ jif]{ la=P8=rf}yf]
aif{df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] hg;+Vof lzIffdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 -$$(_ sf]
cf{lzs kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{ alb{of lhNnfsf] u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f=g+= &
l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] sw]zL ;d'bfodf rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff, k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg ug{ o;
cWoog ;d'xn] cWoog cg';wfg / ljZn]ifg ul/ of] k|ltj]bg tof/ uKof} .
ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf xfd|f] b]z
g]kfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ /fd}/L lgofn]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] cToGt sd JolQmx? Dfq lzlIft
ePsf] kfOG5 / oyfy{ klg olx xf] . hxfFsf clwsf+z hgtfx? ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt
cTofjZos ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg b]lv w]/} s'/sx? Al~rt /x]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{
;fy{s tyf ;kmn hLjgofkgsf nflu :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] ;d'bfodf
/x]sf] x/]s ;b:ox?sf] :jf:Yo ;+/If0fsf nflu ;a}eGnf klxnf pgLx?sf] kl/jf/df
kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof sd 5 jf 5}g ljrf/ k'Kofpg' kb{5 . g]kfn Ps ax'hflto, ax'eflifs
tyf wd{ lg/j]If b]zsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . !,$&,!*! ju{=ls=ld If]qkmndf
km]{lnPsf] g]kfndf @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ @,#!,%!,$@# dflg;x?sf] a;f]af;
/x]sf] 5 . h'g hg;ª\Vof !)) ebf a9L hfltsf dflg;x? /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
To:t} g]kfnsf] xfn ;Ddsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{
t'ngfTds lx;fan] x]bf{ g]kfndf lj=;+=@)$* ;fndf lnPsf] gjf} hgu0fgf b]lv hftLo
ljljwtfsf] klxrfg uf{ hfthflt ;DalGwt tYofª\s ;+sng ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . To:t}
@)%* ;fndf lnPsf] bzhgu0fgfdf o;nfO{ lg/Gt/df lbPsf] lyof] . To:t} @)%* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgf g]kfndf ^) hfthfltsf] dfq ljj/0f ;|sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} @)^*
;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @,^$($@)$ hgf k'u]sf] 5 . b]zsf
#*=!&Ãœ kl/jf/x?;Fu cfkm' a:g] 3/df zf}rfnosf] ;'ljwf gePs} tYofª\s /fli6«o
hgu0fgf @)^* sf] glthfn] b]vfPsf] 5 . h'g ;ª\Vof ljutsf] hgu0fgfdf %@=%Ü lyof]
. xfn ##=$@Ü kl/jf/x?sf] ;]lK6s 6\ofª\sdf hf]l8Psf] ˆn; ePsf] zf}rfno k|of]u
ub}{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;fwf/0f zf}rfnosf] k|of]u ug]{ / ;fj{hflgs 9ndf
hf]l8Psf] ˆn; ePsf] zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/x?sf] ;ª\Vof s|dz M !(=$& /
*=@&Ü b]lvPsf] 5 . ;x/L If]qdf (=)(Ü / u|fdL0f If]qdf $%=!!Ü kl/jf/x? ;Fu
cfkm' a:g] 3/df zf}rfno gePsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf cfly{s ?kdf ljkGg / u/La ePsf]n]
;a} s'/fdf kl5 k/]sf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo lzIff tyf /f]huf/ h:tf s'/fdf kl5
k/]sfn] sltkonfO{ ufF;af; / skf;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg kl5 wf}–wf} kl//x]sf] 5 . cGw
ljZjf; / ?9LjfbLn] ;d]t dflg;sf] 1fg u'd]sf] 5 . PsfO;f} ztfAbLsf] ;ª\3f/df
cfP/ klg dfgj hutdf sltko ;d:ofx? oyfjt /x]sf 5g\ . h:t} M ul/la, a]/f]huf/,
hg;ª\Vof j[l4, :jf:Yo ;d:of clzIff cflb .
To:t} xfd|f] cWoog :yn alb{of lhNnf v'Nnf
lbzf d'SQ If]q 3f]ifgf ePsf] lhNnf ePtf klg cem} klg sltko ;d'bfox?df rkL{sf]
k|of]u Go'g dfqf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} xfd|f] cWoog :yn u'nl/of g=kf=sf] cGt{ut
j8f=g & sf] dw]lz ;d'bfosf] l;tf/fd 6f]n rkL{sf cjwf/0ff k|of]u / k|efj
klxrfg ;DalGw ;d:ofx? kTtf nufO{ To; ;d:of ;dfwfg ug {cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg]
u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] of] ljifon] :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] e'ldsf lgjf{xdf
;s/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . rkL{ eGgfn] ;fdfGotof b}lgs b'{kof]udf cfpg]
;/;kmfO dWosf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] . rkL{ ;a}sf] 3/—3/df x'g' cfjZos 5 . cfˆgf] ufpF
3/, ;dfh, ;kmf;'U3/ /fVgsf nflu rkL{sf] clt dxQjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .
ljleGg /f]ux?af6 aRg / k|b"if0f /f]Sgsf nflu klg rkL{sf] lgdf{0f ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . k|To]s 3/ 3/df rkL{ lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] gLlt g]kfn ;/sf/n]
NofPtfklg ul/aLsf] sf/0f wfld{s d"No dfGotf clzIfsf sf/0f n] cem} klg
sltko ufFpx?df rkL{sf] k|of]u gePsf] kfOG5 . jif{ cufl8 b]lv ;/sf/n] k|To]s
3/df kSsL rkL{ agfpg] bafa lbPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} clxn] s]xL dfqfdf rkL{x?
lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
lgisif{df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] :jf:Yo hLjg g}
dfgjsf] cd"No wg xf] . :jf:Yo lagf dflg;sf]hLjg ;Dej 5}g . To;}n] JolQm
kl/jf/ ;dfh / /fi6«sf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x? :j:y /xgsf nflu pm a:g] ufFp, ;dfh,
6f]nsf rf/} tkm} ;kmf ;'U3/ / xl/ofnL cfjZos x'G5 . ;/;kmfO dWo Pp6f kf6f] rkL{
klg xf] . o;{y x/]s JolSQmn] cfˆgf] 3/df rkL{sf] lgdf{0f ePs} x'g'k5{ . rkL{
sRrL jf kSsL h:tf] agfP klg Jojl:yt x'g'k5{ . k|To]s JolQmsf] 3/—3/df rkL{ eof]
eg] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+s|dLt /f]ux?af6 aRg ;lsG5 . a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof af6 x'g]
k|b'if0f s]lx xb;Dd /f]Sgsf lgDtL rkL{sf] lgdf{0f u/L k|of]u ug'{ clt cfjZos 5
.
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg -statement of the problem_
v'Nnf
?kdf lbzf lj;fa ugf{n] jftfj/0f b'lift x'G5 / ljleGg ;+qmds /f]ux? dxfdf/Lsf]
?kdf km}lnG5g\ . rkL{sf] k|of]u gu/L hyfefjL v'Nnf lbzf lk;fa ugf{n] ljleGg
;+qmldt /f]ux? nfuL dxfdf/L km}lnPsf]
;d:of oyfjt ?kdf g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t} ;+qmldt /f]u eGgfn] cfp, x}hf
emf8fkvfnf ,6fO{kmfO{8 efO/n Hj/f] cflb /f]ux? kb{5 . h;sf] kmn:j?k aif{]gL
xhf/f}F JolQmx? k|efljt eO{ d[To'sf] d'vdf ;d]t k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn Ps ljsf;pGd'v / ufpFufpFn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . oxfF
cem} klg dflg;x? w]/} lg/If/ / ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'gL /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fy} 1fg /
rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff k|of]u ;DjGwL 1fg / To;sf]] kmfO{bfsf] af/]df w]/} dflg;x?
r]tgf g/x]sf kfOG5 . To:t} xfd|f] cWoog :yn u'nl/osf] l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] dw]zL
;d'bfodf klg rkL{ ;DjGwL 1fg ePsf] ePtfklg dw]zLx?sf] wfld{s d'No dfGotfsf
sf/0fn] rkL{sf] sltko 3/df To;sf] k|of]u gu/]sf] e]l6of] . o;}u/L ul/aL
clzIffsf sf/0fn] ubf{ rkL{sf] lgdf{0f gul/Psf] kfOof] . rkL{sf] k|of]u gug{]
ljleGg ;+qmd0f /f]ux?af6 u|l;t ePsf kl/jf/x? klg b]lvof] o:tf ljljw ;d:of tyf
r'gf}ltx?nfO{ Joj:lyt 9ªun] ;dfwg ugf{sf ljZjef/ g} rkL{sf] cfZostf /x]sf] 5 .
h'g sfo{ g]kfndf /fli6«o :t/df ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ub} ePsf
ePtf klg o; cWoog If]qdf o; ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ s'g} klg cWoog x'g g;]s]sf] x'bf+
pStf cWoogsf] cfejnfO{ k'/f ug{fsf nflu of] cWoog s]Gb«t ul/Psf] 5
!=# cWoogsf] pb]Zox? (Objectives
of the study)
o; cWoogsf lgDglnlvt pb\b]Zox? /x]sf 5g\ .
!+_ rkL{sf]
k|of]usf] cjwf/0f klxrfg ug'{ .
@_ rkL{sf]
k|of]usf] cj:yfsf] cWoog ug{] .
#_ rkL{sf]
k|of]usf] kZrft b]vfk/]sf k|efjx?sf] klxrfg ug{ .
!=$ cWoogsf] dxTj ( Signficance of the study)
g]kfndf ljwdfg /x]sf] ?9LjfbL s'/Llt,
s';+:sf/ , clzIff , ul/la, r]tgfsf] cefj ljleGg /fh}lgs,wfld{s,;f+:s'lts,hftLo
ljljwtfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf hg;ª\Vofsf] tLj| j[l4 ePsf] 5 . h;sf] 5 . h;sf]
kl/df0f :j?k b]zsf x/]s ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf afwf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . rkL{sf]
cjwf/0ff k|of]u af/] 1fg, l;k, wf/0ffdf k/]sf] ;d:of klxrfg ul/ tL ;d:ofx?nfO{
s]lx bb{ ;Dd GogLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ o; cWoogsf] k|de'v p2]Zo xf] . o;sf d'Vo
dxTjx? lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
!=$=!= o; cWoogn]
;d'bfodf /x]sf] lzIff tyf r]tgfsf] :t/sf af/]df 5/l5d]s ;d'bfo tyf ;/f]sf/
jfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] 5 .
!=$=@= o;
cWoogn] rkL{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng rfx]g] ;DaGwLt k9fOnfO{ ;xof]u x'g]5 .
!=$=# ljleGg ljb\ofnnfO{ o; j8fdf /x]sf] rkL{ ;DaGwL
cj:yf af/] hfgsf/L lng ;xof]u ldNg]5 .
!=$=$= :jf:Yo lzIffsf] rkL{ ;DaGwL :yfgLo
kf7\os|d lgdf{0f ug{] s|ddf o;af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsg] 5 .
!=$=%= o; cWoogn] kl5Nnf cWoogstf[ ljb\ofyL{ tyf
efO{ alxlgx?nfO{ ;|f]t ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
!=$=^= o; cWoogn] If]qsf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ ljleGg rkL{
;DaGwL gLlt lgod ;d'bfosf] ljsf;
k/Dk/fut ?9Ljf9L ;+:sf/ ;DaGwL cGwljZjf; x6fpg ;xof]u ldNg]5 .
!=$=&= o; cWoogsf] cWoog If]qsf
afl;Gbfx?sf] rkL{ ;DaGwL wf/0ff k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg u/L ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{
lglt lgdf{0f ug{ / pQm If]qdf lbg'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf af/] cWoog ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5
.
!=% cWoogsf
;Ldfx? (
limitation of the study)
lglZrt ;Ldf eGbf aflx/ uP/ ul/Psf]
cWoog jf s'g} klg sfo{ p2]Zo lalxg x'g] ub{5g\ .To; sf/0fn] o; cWoog sfo{bfO{
pko'Qm ;Gbe{d'ns agfpg sf nfuL s]xL lglZrt ;Ldfx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . ;Lldt
;do ;|f]t tyf ;fwgn] ubf{ k|:t't cWoognfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 .
!=%=!= of]
cWoog alb{of lhNnfsf] u'n/Lof g=kf j8f g+= & sf] l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] dw]zL
;d'bfodf dfq l;ldt /x]sf] 5 .
!=%=@=
of] cWoog rkL{sf] cjwf/0f, k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg sf ;DaGwdf dfq nlIft
ul/Psf] 5 .
!=%=#= o; cWoog leq
gd'gf 5gf]6sf] ?odf alb{of lhNnf sf] u'nl/of g=kf j8f g+= & df /x]sf] l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] dw]zL ;d'bfonfO{ dfq
;d]l6Psf] 5 .
!=%=$= of] cWoogdf ;d'bfosf k|Tos 3/sf
3/d'ln dlxnf / k\?if ;+u cGt{jftf{ lnOn]5 .
!=%=%= of] Pp6f kf7\os|dnfO{ dfq k"0f{
ug{sf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;df ;Dk"0f{ cg';Gwfgsf k|ls|of tyf
9fFrf nfO{ nfu' ul/Psf] 5}g\ .
cWofo b'O{
@= ;DalGwt ;flxTosf] k"g/fjnf]sg
of]hgf eg]sf] s'g}
klg sfo{ ug'{ k"j{ tof/ ul/g] ;du| sfo{x?sf] ;+u7Lt ;'rL xf] . csf]{ zAbdf
eGbf s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{ lsg, s;/L,s;nfO{, slxn], sxfF / s;sf nflu ug]{ ;DaGwdf
:ki6 x'g] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] Ps lj:t[t :j?ksf] 9fFrf g} of]hgf xf] . To;}n] rkl{
eGgfn] ;fwf/0f tyf lgoldt ?kdf k|of]udf cfpg] eGg] a'lemG5 . ;/;kmO{ ug]{ Pp6f kf6f] rkL{ klg xf] . t;y{
x/]s JolQmn] cf–cfˆgf] 3/df rkL{sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . kl/jf/, ;dfh,
/fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f dflg;x? :j:Yo /xgsf] nflu rf/}tkm{ ;kmf;'3/ / xl/ofnL x'g
cfjZos x'G5 . rkL{ vfg], a:g],;'Tg] b}lgs cfjzos ePh:t} rkL{ klg Ps ckl/xfo{
cfjZostf xf] .
g]kfn Pp6f pRr
hg;Vª\of a[lb4/ ePsf] / ;fdflhs, cfyL{s hg;flVos ;'rfª\sx?df lk5l8Psf] b]z xf]
. ;g\ @))% sf] ljZj hg;ªV\of tYofª\s cg';f/ s'n hg;ª\Vof @,%#,%( , %#% jflif{s
a[lb4/ @+=@%Ü /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vof j[lbn] ubf{ 3/x?sf] j[lb ePsf] 5 .
eg] To:tf j:t'nfO{ plrt tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf 3/ s[lif If]q 5/l5d]s /
;fj{hlgs :yfgx?sf] plrt tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ cˆ7]/f] k/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ s]lx ;DkGg ju{sf dflg;x? afx]s
;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx? ;/;kmfO{ af6 al~rt x'g] x'Fbf ;g\ !(() sf] ;/sf/L tYofª\s
cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;x/L If]qdf $&Ü / u|fld0f If]qdf %Ü 3/x?df dfq} rkL{sf]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . eg] ;g\ !((^ sf] tYofª\s cg';f/ ;x/df sl/a &#=&Ü
ufFpdf sl/a !&=&Ü 3/x?df rkL{sf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOof] . ;g\ @))! sf]
tYofª\s cg';f/ g]kfnsf] $^=!#Ü 3/kl/jf/n] rkL{sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf / alb{of
lhNnfsf ;x/L tyf u|fld0f If]qx?df x]g]{ xf] eg] jghª\un vf]nfsf lsgf/f
emfl8 cflbdf lbzf lk;fa ug{] u/]sf kfOG5
eg] ;x/L If]qdf ltj| hg;ª\Vofn] ubf{ TofFxf dflg;x?n] ;x/sf 5]px?df /x]sf
;fj{hlgs hldg kf]v/Lsf] j/k/ ,gbLsf lsgf/f, k'/fgf 3/sf uNnL ,ljb\ofn M
d7dlGb/sf] j/k/ klg lbzf lk;fa ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf] l:ylt s]lx jif{ klxn] lyPg
eg] clxn] cfP/ a9\bf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ x'g'sf ;fy} /f]usf]
dxfdf/L km}ng] lemufFx?sf] x/sf] j[lb
x'g] g/fd|f] uGw cfpg] kflgsf ;|f]tx? k|b'lift x'g] h:tf ;d:of a9b} uPsf 5g\ .
cWofo tLg (Chapter Three)
#= cWoog ljlw
s'g} klg cWoog cg';Gwfg ;+rfng ug{sf]
nflu Pp6f ljlwsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k|of]u ul/g] ljlwx?df cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?sf]
pknAwtf x'g] x'gfn] cWoog sfo{df yk d2t ldNb5 . kl/df0f :j?k lgis{if jf ;dfwfg
lgsfNgsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fdfu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{ o;
cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ cWoog ljlwsf] cfjZos kg]{ ePsf] xf] .
k|:t't o; cWoognfO{ u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f g+=& alb{of
lhNnfsf dw]zL ;d'bfo;+u ;DalGwt 5 tL ufFpsf dw]zL ;d'bfox?df rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff
k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg ;DalGw cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ pQm ufpFsf hgtfx?nfO{
;xefuL u/fO{ k|To]s 3/3/df uO{ cGt/jftf{
/ cjnf]sg ljlwsf] k|ofu k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
++++++++++++++#=! cWoogsf] 9fFrf(Research Design)
cWoog
cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg jf t'ngfTds ?kdf c?eGbf /fd|f] agfpg s'g
tl/sfaf6 cg';Gwfg ug]{ eGg] ljifosf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cg';Gwfg stf{x?n] cg';Gwfg
s'g tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug]{ eGg] of]hgfsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb5{ . To;}n] o; cWoogsf]
p2]Zo dflg;x?df rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff, k|of]u k|efj / klxrfg ;DalGw 1fg, wf/0ff /
pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf / Jojxf/sf] z'Id ljZn]if0f ug]{ cleofgn] :ynut
cjnf]sgsf] cWoogaf6 cfjZos hfgsf/Lx? ;ª\sng u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|:t't cWoog
j0f{gfTds cg';Gwfg jf ljZn]if0ffTds cg';Gwfg 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
#=@= cWoogsf] If]q(Study Area)
o; cWoogsf] If]qsf]
?kdf u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f g+=& alb{of lhNnfsf] gd'gf If]qsf] ?kdf 5gf]6
ul/Psf] 5 . of] u'nl/of gu/kflnsfsf]
blIf0f l;dfgfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf dw]zL hfltsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 .
oxfFsf clwsf+z dflg;x? s'lif Hofnf, dhb'/L, Jofkf/Jofj;fodf lge{/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#=#=tYofª\ssf]
;|f]t(Source
of Data)
o;
cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k|fyflds / uf}0f b'j} lsl;dsf tYofª\ssf ;|f]tx?
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;DalGwt j8fsf ;DalGwt AolQm;Fu ;Dk{s /fv]/ k|ToIf
cGt/jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 cWoognfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{sf nflu
cg';Gwfgstf{sf] cfkm}n] tof/ kf/]/ nfu]sf k|ZgfjnLx?nfO{ pQ/bftfdf k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] o; cWoogsf] k|d'v ;|f]t eg]sf] k|yflds ;|f]t xf] . o;sf
cltl/Qm cWoognfO{ ljZn]if0ffTds agfpg s]xL tYofª\sx? Uff}0f ;|f]tsf] ?kdf cWoog
leq ;dfj]z 5 . pQm ;|f]tx? d'Vo ?kdf ljleGg k':tsx?, cWoog k|ltj]bg, sDKo'6/sf]
k|of]unfO{ lnPsf] 5 .
#=$= cWoogsf] gd'gf / gd'gf 5gf}6 k|lqmof
(Sumpling Size and Sampling Procedures)
cWoog
sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;DalGwt If]qdf k'u]/ ;Dk"0f{ 3/w'/L, kfl/jfl/s ;"rgf
/ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ ;do Pjd\ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lgs} hl6n / dxª\uf]
x'G5 . To;sf/0f cWoog cg';Gwfgn] pQm :yfgsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg]
u/L gd'gf 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 . gd'gf 5gf]6 eGgfn] cWoog ug{] hg;ª\Vofsf] Pp6f
c+zsf] ?kdf a'lemG5 . cWoog ;d'xn] ;a}eGbf klxnf lhNnf alb{of u'nl/of gu/kflnsf
j8f g+=& sf] l;tf/fd 6f]ndf ul/Psf]
5 . o; j8f sfof{noaf6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf] cg';f/ o; 6f]ndf a;f]af; ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf]
;ª\Vof %) /x]sf] 5 . pQm 3/ kl/jf/ ;ª\VofnfO{ qmda4 9ªun] ;"lrs[t ug]{
sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] To;kl5 pQm ;"lrsf cfwf/df cWoog If]qsf] ;Dk"0f{
;ª\Vof dWo]af6 #) 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ p2]Zo d"ns gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof4f/f 5gf]6
ul/Psf] 5 .
#=%= cWoogsf] ;fwg(Research Tools)
cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug]{ a]nfdf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ aGb lsl;dsf ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLx?sf] k|of]u u/L
cWoog ;d'xaf6 k|ToIf cGt/jftf{sf] dfWodn] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 eg]
tYofª\ssf] JofVof tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu ljleGg ul0flto ;"qx? tyf
tYofª\zfl:qo ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L cWoog k|ltj]bgnfO{
k"0f{tf lbgsf nflu cfjZostf cg'?k sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^= ;fwgsf] a}wtf(Standarlization
of Tools)
s'g}
klg cWoogsf] cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/g] ;fwgdf a}wtf x'g'kb{5 . j}wtf lagfsf]
;fwgn] p2]Zo;Dd k'Ug cK7\of/f] lgDTofpF5 . To;}n] o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo k"/f
ug{s]f nflu tYofª\s ;+sngsf] k|d'v ;fwgsf] ?kdf cGt/jftf{ ljlwnfO{ lnO{Psf] 5 .
cGt/jftf{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLx? ljleGg ;DalGwt k':tsx?, ljleGg ;DalGwt
k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;xof]uaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . emg\ k|ZgfjnLx? ;DalGwt ljifo
lzIfsnfO{ b]vfO{ To;sf] ljZj;lgotf / j}wtf k/LIf0fsf nflu c|Woog ;d'xn] ;DalGwt
If]qfdf uO{ #) 3/w'/L af6 #) hgf JolQmx?;Fu cGt/jftf{ lnPsf] lyof] . pQm cGt/jftf{sf
k|ZgfjnLsf sldsdhf]/Lx? k/LIf0f u/L lzIfs;Fu a;L ;'wf/ u/L clGtd ?k lbO;s]kl5
cWoogsf] nflu cGt/jftf{ ;"rL lnO{ cWoog If]qtkm{ xfd|f] ;d'x k|:yfg u/]sf]
lyof] .
#=&= tYofª\s ;ª\sng k|lqmof( Data Collection
Procedure)
s'g}
klg cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;DalGwt cWoog If]qdf tYofª\s ;ªsng ubf{ pQ/bftfx?nfO{
k|fKt u/]/ jf pgLx?sf] Jojxf/ cjnf]sg u/]/ tYofªs k|fKt ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L
cg';Gwfgstf{n] pQ/bftfaf6 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ubf{ s'g ljlw a9L k|efjsf/L lgldQ
cfˆgf] cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . ;ª\slnt tYofª\s 7Ls ePdf dfq cWoog k|ltj]bg k|efjsf/L
/ j}1flgs xf]; egL pQm zLif{ssf ;Dk"0f{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf
k|ZgfjnL cWoog ug] ljBfyL{x?sf] ;d'xdf 5nkmn u/L klxn] g} tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] .
of] k|fyflds ;|f]tddf cfwfl/t cWoog ePsf] x'gfn] cWoogsf] p2]ZonfO{ kl/k"lt{
ug{sf] nflu SofDk;sf] kq lnP/ u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f g+=& sf] l;tf/fd
6f]nnfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf cWoog If]q lgwf{/0f ul/of] . To;kl5 ;DalGwt If]qdf uO{
tof/ kf/]/ nu]sf k|ZgfjnLnfO{ pQ/bftf ;dIf cGt/jftf{ ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cfjZos
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/of] .
#=*= tYofª\ssf] AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f(Analysis and Interpretation of Data)
cWoog
cg';Gwfg Ps cfkm}df hl6n ljifo xf] . cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /lx To; If]qleq /x]sf ;d:ofx?sf] jf To;af6 lg:sg] kl/0ffdsf]
;lx?kdf lg/fs/0f ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . tYoªssf] cWoogsf] qmddf tof/ kfl/Psf]
;+/lrt k|ZgfjnL k|of]u u/L k|ToIf cGt/jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 tYoªs ;+sng u/L;s]kl5
k|fKt tYooªsnfO{ lgrf]8df k'¥ofpgsf] nfuL ;j{k|yd tYoªssf] plrt hfFra'em sfo{
;dfKt u/L tYofª\sngO{ Tally Bar lgdf{0f u/L tflnsfdf k|:t't u/]/ cfjZostf cg';f/ tYofª\snfO{ k|ltztdf
9fn]/ ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] tYofª\snfO{ ;xh,
;/n, :ki6 / ;a}n] a'‰g ;Sg] u/L zflAbs
efiffaf6 ljZn]if0f ug'{sf] ;fy} tflnsf, /vflrq, j[Qlrqsf] k|of]u ul/Osf] 5 .
cWofo M rf/ -$_ (Chapter
: Four)
$=! tYofª\s ljZn]if0f tyf JofVof (Analyisis
and Interpretution of Date)
o;
cWoogdf cWoog :ynaf6 ;+slnt tYofª\ssf] lj:t[t ?kdf JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ub}{
plrt tflnsf / lrq4f/f b]vfpg' g} tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f tyf k|:t'lts/0f xf] .
alb{of lhNnf u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & l;tf/fd 6f]ndf uO{ rkL{sf]
cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg ;DalGw ul/Psf] Ps cWoogdf tYofª\s ;+sngsf]
nfuL @# j6f k|Zgx? k|of]u u/LPsf] 5 . hg;f+lVolso ljj/0f, cfly{s l:ylt, ;fdflhs
tyf ;f+:s[lts, :jf:Yo lzIff tyf rkL{sf] cjwf/0ff, k|of]u, k|efj, klxrfgsf] 1fg,
wf/0f / cEof; a'‰g ;Sg] vfnsf] k|ZgfjnL ;dfj]z u/L k|fKt tYofª|snfO{ lgDg
cg';f/ JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
$=@ vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f
g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] bf;|f] wgL b]z ePtf klg oxfF
vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of b]vfk/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] cWofo cg';Gwfg ug]{ qmddf lgDglnlvt
ljj/0f tof/ kf/]sf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= @
|
qm= ;=
|
vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
Wff/f
|
@@
|
&#
=## %
|
|
@
|
lkmN6/
|
$
|
!#
= ## %
|
|
#
|
b'a}sf] k|of]u
|
@
|
^ = ^^ %
|
|
$
|
O{gf/
|
@
|
^ = ^^ %
|
|
hDdf
|
|
#)
|
!)) %
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
o; cWoogdf ;xefuL ePsf ;xeuLx?sf] dfyLsf]
tflnsfaf6 vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf xfdLn] wf/f, lkmN6/ O{gf/ b'a}sf] k|of]u -lkmN6/ / wf/f_ u/]df xfdLn]
;a}reGbf al9 wf/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ &#=## % e]l6of] . To;}u/L lkmN6/ k|of]u ug]{ !#=## % / O{gf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ^=^^% /x]sf] kfOof] . pQm tYonfO{ rnsf] /]vflrqaf6 cem al9 :ki6
kfg{ ;lsG5 .
$=# OGwgsf] ;|f]t
Xfd|f] b]z ul/a d'n's b]z ePsf]n] cem klg
xfd|f] b]zsf] ul/la xTg ;s]sf] 5}g xfdLn]\ cWoog cg';Gwfg
ug]{ qmddf u'=g=kf=j=g=& l;tf/fd 6f]ndf OGwgsf] ;|f]tsf] lgs} cefj k]/]sf]
b]lvof] . OGwg sf] ;|f]tnfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Tfflnsf g+= #
.
|
qm=;+=
|
OGwgsf] ;|f]t
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
bfp/f
|
!&
|
%^=^^Ü
|
|
@
|
Uof;
|
%
|
!^=^^Ü
|
|
#
|
Uof; / bfp/f -b'j}_
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
$
|
bfp/f / u'O7f -b'j}_
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)&%
Dflysf] tflnsf
af6 s] :ki6 x'g cfp5 eg] xfldn] cWoogdf ;xefuL u/fOPsf dWo ;a} eGbf a9L
bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ %^=^^Ü, Uof; !^=^^Ü, bfp/f / Uof; b'j} !#=##Ü / bfp/f /
u'Oyf k|of]u ug]{ !#=##Ü /x]sf 5g\ . tnsf] j[Q lrqaf6 o; nfO{ cem :ki6 kfg{
;lsG5 .
dflysf] j[Q lrqaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5
eg] ;a} eGbf a9L bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ %&Ü, Uof; !&Ü, bfp/f / Uof; b'j}
k|of]u ug]{ !#Ü / bfp/f / u'O7f k|of]u ug]{ !#Ü /x]sf 5g\ .
$=$ rkL{ ePsf] / gePsf] ljj/0f
;/;kmfO{
u'?of]hgf @)!! sf cg';f/ v'Nnf lbzf d'Qm 3f]ifgf ul/Ptf klg xfldn] cWoog cg';Gwfg
ul/Psf] If]qdf c? klg rkL{sf] k|of]u Go'g /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ lgDg tflnsf df
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= $
|
qm=;+=
|
rkL{ ePsf] / gePsf]
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
rkL{ ePsf]
|
@^
|
*^=^^Ü
|
|
@
|
rkL{ gePsf]
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tflnsf af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] ;a}
eGbf a9L rkL{ ePsf] *^=^^Ü / gePsf] !#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] . cem o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{
sf] nflu j[Q lrq sf] k|of]u ul/OPsf] 5 .
j[Q
lrq g+= $
 |
dflysf]
j[Q lrq af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] ;a} eGbf a9L rkL{ ePsf] *&Ü / rkL{ g} gePsf]
!#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=% rkL{sf] k|sf/
xfdLx?n]
cg';Gwfg ug]{ q/ddf l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] rkL{ cj:yf, k}sf' s] s:tf] 5 kQf nufPsf 5f}
. lgDg tYofª\s nfO{ tnsf] tflnsf df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= %
|
qm=;++
|
ljj/0f
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
kSsL
|
!#
|
$#=##Ü
|
|
@
|
sRrL
|
!#
|
$#=##Ü
|
|
#
|
rkL{ g} gePsf]
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)^%
dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ pQ/bftfx?nfO{
rkL{sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eg]/ ;fwk'5 ubf{ klSs 5 eGg]x? $#=##Ü sRrL $#=##Ü / rkL{
g} gePsf] !#=##Ü dfq /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=^ sRrL rkL{ agfpg'sf] sf/0f sf]
ljj/0f
tflnsf g++= ^
|
qm=;+=
|
ljj/0f
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
;|f]t
;fwgsf] cefj
|
#
|
!)Ü
|
|
@
|
cfly{s
cj:yf cefj
|
!!
|
#^=^^Ü
|
|
#
|
;|f]t ;fwg
k'/f ePsf]
|
!@
|
$)Ü
|
|
$
|
rkL{ g}
gePsf]
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
cWoog If]qsf pQ/bftfx?nfO{ klSs rkL{ lsg
gagfpg' esf] eg]/ ;fWbf pQ/bftf xfdLx?n] s] kmnf kf/]p eg] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj
af6 !)Ü, cfly{s cj:yfsf] sdhf]/ eGg]x? #^=^^Ü, ;|f]t ;fwg k'/f ePsf] $)Ü / rkL{
g} gePsf] !#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=& rkL{ agfpg] wf/0ff
dflg;
klxn] eGbf clxn] lzlIft, r]tglzn x'n} cfPsf 5g\ . dflg;x?df clxn] rkL{ sgfpg]
wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] n] pQ/ bftf af6 xfdLn] lgDg tYofª\s kQf nufPof] o;nfO{
tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= &
|
qm=;+=
|
ljj/0f
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
k;xn] b]lv
|
!&
|
%^=^^Ü
|
|
@
|
xfn ;fn}
|
(
|
#)Ü
|
|
#
|
rkL{ gePsf]
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tYofª\s cg';f/ o; cWoog If]qdf
rkL{ agfpg' k5{ eGg] wf/0ff klxn] b]lv %^=^^Ü, xfn ;fn} #)Ü / rkL{ g} gePsf]
!#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] . o;nfO{ cem :kit kfg{sf] nflu j[Q lrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
.
j[Q
lrq g++= &
cWoog If]qsf pQ/bftfx?af6 s] :ki6 x'G5
eg] klxn] b]lv rkL{ sf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] %^=^^Ü, xfn ;fn} rkL{ sf] k|of]u
ub}{ cfPsf] #)Ü / rkL{ g} gePsf] !#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=* rkL{ sxfF 5 sf] ljj/0f
tflnsf g+= *
|
qm=;+=
|
ljj/0f
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
3/leq
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
@
|
3/ aflx/
|
@@
|
&#=##Ü
|
|
#
|
rkL{ g}
gePsf]
|
$
|
!#=##Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t
M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tflnsf
cg';f/ pQ/bftfx?nfO{ 3/leq jf aflx/ sxfF 5 eg]/ ;f]wk'5 ubf{, 3/leq 5 eGg]x?
!#=##Ü, 3/ aflx/ &#=##Ü / rkL{ g} 5}g eGg]x? !#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] . o;nfO{ tnsf] :tDe lrq df b]vfOPsf] 5
.
:tDe lrq g+= *
 |
$=(= tkfO{sf] ljrf/df rkL{sf] k|of]u lsg ug'{ x'G5 M
eGg] ljj/0f
tflnsf g=( =
|
qm=d
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
||
|
!
|
jftfj/0f k|b'if0f
/f]Sg
|
#
|
!)Ü
|
||
|
@
|
/f]u af6 aRg
|
!&
|
%^=^^Ü
|
||
|
#
|
OHht arfpg
|
!)
|
##=##Ü
|
||
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
||
;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)&%
k|;t't tYofª\s cg';f/ o; cWoog If]qdf cWoog ubf{ rkL{sf] k|of]u lsg ug'{
x'G5 eGg] wf/0f ePsf / jftfj/0f k|b'if0f /f]Sg !)Ü, /f]uaf6 aRg %^=^^Ü / OHht
arfpg ##=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] . o; nfO{ tnsf] /]vf lrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf
g+= (
$=!)= rkL{sf] lgoldt k|of]usf]
ljj/0f
tflnsf g+ =!)
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
ug]{
|
@@
|
&#=##Ü
|
|
|
gug]{
|
*
|
@^=^^Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tYofª\s cg';f/ pQ/bftfx?nfO{
;f]wk'5 ubf{ lgoldt rkL{sf] k|of]u ug]{ ^#=##Ü lgoldt k|of]u ug]{ @^=^^Ü /x]sf]
kfO{of] .
$=!! rkL{ ;/;kmfO{sf] ljj/0f M
tflnsf g+=!!
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
@
|
Psk6s
|
!$
|
$^=^Ü
|
|
#
|
b'O{k6s
|
&
|
##=!#Ü
|
|
$
|
rf/k6s
|
!
|
#=##Ü
|
|
%
|
ub{}gug{]
|
$
|
!#=#Ü
|
^
|
rkL{ g} gx'g]
|
$
|
!#=#Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tYofª\s
cg';f/ pQ/bftfx?nfO{ ;f]wk'5 ubf rkL{sf] ;/;kmfO{ b}lgs ug]{ $^=^Ü b'O{k6s ug]{
##=!#Ü rf/k6s ug]{ #=##Ü ub}{gug]{ !#=##Ü/ rkL{ g} gx'g] !#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=!@ rkL{ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ ;fdfu|Lsf] ljj/0f
tfnLsf g+= !@
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
kfgL
|
*
|
@^=^^Ü
|
|
@
|
;a}
|
!#
|
$#=##Ü
|
|
#
|
a|;,kfgL
|
@
|
^=^^Ü
|
|
$
|
xflk{s kfgL
|
#
|
!)Ü
|
|
%
|
rkL{ g} gx'g]
|
$
|
!#=#Ü
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))Ü
|
;|f]t M
:ynut cWoog @0&%
k|:t't tYofª\s
cg'';f/ o; cWoog If]qdf rkL{ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ ;fdfu|Lsf] dWo kfgLn] dfq ;/;kmfO{
ug]{ @^=^^Ü ;a}n] ug]{ $#=##Ü a|; kfgLn] ^=^^Ü xflk{s kfgL k|of]u ug]{ !)Ü/rkL{
g} gx'g] !#=#Ü /x]sf] e]l6of] .
$=!# rkL{sf] k|of]u kZrft xftsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug{sf]
ljj/0f
tflnsf g+=
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
;fa'kfgL
|
!(
|
^#=##
Ü
|
|
@
|
kfgL
|
!
|
#=##
Ü
|
|
#
|
df6f],
kfgL
|
$
|
!#=##
Ü
|
|
$
|
v/fgL,
kfgL
|
@
|
!#=##
%
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))%
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dfyLsf] tflnsf cg';f/ cWoog If]qdf
u/]sf] cWoog kZrft pQ/bftfx?af6 lbzf lk;fa u/] kZrft ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g]
^#=##%
, kfgLn] #=##%, df6f]kfgLn] !#=##%,
v/fgLkfgLn] ^=^^%
/x]sf] kfO{of]] .
$=!$ v'nf d}bfgdf lbzflk;fa ug]{sf] ljj/0f
tflnsf
g+=!$
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;+Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!=
|
ub}{gf}
|
@@
|
&#=##%
|
|
@=
|
u5f}{
|
*
|
@^=^^%
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))%
|
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tYofªssf]
cg';f/ xfdLn] cg';Gwfg If]qdf pQ/bftfx?nfO{ zf]wk'5 ubf{ v'Nnf d}bfgdf
lbzflk;fa ub}{ eg] &#=##% / u5f}{ eGg]df @^=^^% /x]sf]
kfO{of] .
$=!% rkL{sf] k|of]u af6 ePsf] kmfO{bfsf] ljj/0f
dflg; klxn] eGbf clxn] lzlIft r]tgzLn
x'b}F cfPsf 5g\ klxn] dflg;x? v'nfd}bfgdf lz;f lk;fa uy]{ eg] clxn] nueu ;a}sf]
3/df zf}rfno agfPsf] e]l6G5 . of] ;a} lzIffsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] . sltko
dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfly{s ul/ljsf] sf/0fn] zf}rfno agfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf klg xfdLx?n]
cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cWoog If]qdf uP/ km]nf kf/]sf] 5f} . lgDg tYofª\snfO{
tnsf] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+=!%
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
ljleGg ;ª\qmldt
/f]uaf6 aRg
|
!@
|
$)%
|
|
@
|
jftfj/0f k|b'if0f
af6 aRg
|
!)
|
##=##%
|
|
#
|
! / @ b'a}
|
$
|
!#=##%
|
|
$
|
rkL{ g} gePsf
|
$
|
!#=##%
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))%
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf]
pQ/bftfx?af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] rkL{sf] k|of]u kZrft ;ª\qmldt /f]uaf6 aRg $)%,
jftfj/0f k|b'if0faf6 aRg ##=##%, rkL{ g} gePsf !#=##%,
!/@ b'a} !#=##%
/x]sf] kfO{of] .
$=!^= emf8fkvfnf, cfpF, x}hfaf6 k|efljt ljj/0f
tflnsf g+=!^
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!
|
5
|
!%
|
%)%
|
|
@
|
5}g
|
!%
|
%)%
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))%
|
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
pk/f]Qm tYofª\saf6
s] :ki6 x'g cfp5 eg] cWoog If]q u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f g+=& l;tf/fd 6f]ndf
emf8fkvfnnf, cfpF, x}hfaf6 k|efljt ePsf %)% / k|efljt gePsf %) % /x]sf] kfO{of] .
$=!& rkL{sf] k|of]u kZrft c?nfO{ ;Gb]z lbg] ljj/0f
tflnsf
g+ !&
|
qm=;
|
ljj/0f
|
;ª\Vof
|
k|ltzt
|
|
!=
|
;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj
axg
|
$
|
!#=##%
|
|
@
|
jftfj/0f k|b'if0f
/f]Sg
|
!)
|
##=##%
|
|
#
|
/f]uaf6 aRg
|
!)
|
##=##%
|
|
$
|
dflysf ;a}
|
^
|
@)%
|
|
|
hDdf
|
#)
|
!))%
|
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&%
dflysf] tYofª\saf6
;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj axg ug{ eGg]x? !#=## % , jftfj/0f k|b'if0f
/f]Sg eGg]x? ##=##%
, /f]uaf6 aRg eGg]x? ##=## %,dflysf ;a}
eGg]x? @)%
/x]sf] kfO{of] .
cWofo –kfFr(Chapter :Five)
% ;f/f+z, lgisif{ / ;'emfjx?
%=! ;f/f+z (Summary ,finding)
Alb{of lhNnf u'nl/of g= kf = j8f g+= & l;tf/fd 6f]nsf] dw]lz
;d'bfodf rkL{sf] cjwf/0f, k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg ;DalGw :ynut cWoog 6f]lnn]
hg;ª\Vof lzIffdf k|of]hgf sfo{ tyf
uf]li7 -$$(_ sf] k|of]ufTds kf7\oef/ k"0f{ ug{sf nflu dw]lz
;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf k|ToIf cGt{jftf{ ul/ ul/Psf] cWoogdf lgDglnlvt hfgsf/L
kfOof] .
!_
efiffut b[li6n] x]bf{ cWoog If]qsf zt k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] af]lng] dft[ efiff
cjlw /x]sf] kfOof] .
@_ wd{ut b[li6n]
x]bf{ lxGb' wd{ dfGg]sf] ;ª\Vof klg zt k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
#_
cWoog If]qdf slRr rkL{ ePsf] 3/kl/jf/ $#=##Ü, kSsL rkL{ ePsf] $#=##Ü / rkL{
gePsf] !#=Ü## e]l6of] .
$_
cWoogsf] If]qdf #) 3/kl/jf/ dWo vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf lkmN6/sf] k|of]u ug]{ !# ##
Ü, wf/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ &#=#Ü, Ogf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ^=^^Ü e]l6of] .
%_
:ynut cWoogdf l;tf/fd 6f]ndf OGwgsf] ;|f]tdf bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug]{
%&=&&Ü, Uof; !^=^^Ü,u'FO7fsf] k|of]u ug]{ !#=##Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
^_ wd{ut b[li6n]
d'l:nd dfGg] @)Ü / lxGb' dfGg] *)Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
&_
rkL{sf] lgoldt k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ &#=##Ü / lgoldt k|of]u gug]{sf]
3/kl/jf/ @&=&&Ü /x]sf] 5 .
*_
v'Nnf rkL{sf] sf/0fn] emf8fkvnf, cfpm, x}hfaf6 k|efljt ePsf] %)Ü/ gePsf] klg
%)Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
%=@ lgisif{ (Conclusion)
cWoogsf] If]qdf ul/Psf]
rkL{sf] cjwf/0f k|of]u / k|efj klxrfg ;DalGw zL{if{s df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0faf6
lgDg cg';f/sf] lgisif{ df k'luof] .
!_
cWoogsf] If]qdf JolQmx?sf] z}lIfs cj:yf af/]df hfgsf/L lnbf cem klg Gog cj:yfdf
/x]sf] kfOof] .
@_
dw]zL ;d'bfosf clwsf+z JolQmx?sf] cfo ;|f]t b}lgs Hofnf,dhb\'/L,/ s[lif k]zfdf
cfwfl/t /x]sf] kfOof] .
#_
dw]zL ;d'bfosf] dflg;x?sf] cfyL{s :t/ ;d]t Psbd} sdhf]/ cj:yf df /x]sf] kfOof]
.
$_
dw]zL ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs:t/ sdhf]/ ePsf]n] r]tgfsf] cefj x'g uO{ rkL{sf] plrt
k|of]u / ;/;kmfO{df ;r]t gePsf] kfOof] .
%=# ;'emfj
cWoogsf] ;du| kIfsf] ljZk]if0f kZrft alb{of u'nl/of g=kf j8f g=kf ^
If]qdf sfo{ ug{] l jleGg ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?sf ;fy} k|:t't ljifodf cfˆgf] cWoog cg';Gwfg sof{nfO{ cl3
a9fpg k|of; ug]{ cg';Gwfgstf{x? lgDg lnlvt ;'emfjx? lbPsf] 5 .
!= k|:t't cWoog
If]q leq ;d]l6Psf dflg;x?df rkL{sf] cjwf/0f k|of]u / k|efj klxrfgsf] af/]df
Tolt k|efjsf/L 1fg / Jojxf/ gePsf]n] pQm If]qsf dflg;x?sf nflu r]tgf d'ns
sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng ug]{ .
@= o; If]qsf dflg;x?sf] z}lIfs cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf]n]
z}lIfs cj:yf pRr k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu u}/;/sf/L / ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 z}lIfs
;+nUgtf a9fpg] hfn jf sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
# o; If]qsf dflg;x?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] vfnsf
sfo{s|dx? ;~rfng ug'{ b]lvG5 .
$= o; cWoogsf] If]qdf dflg;x?sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf
z}lIfs If]qsf] kx'r Gog ePsf] x'bf o; nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] sfo{s|d ;~rfng u/L
pQm dw]zL ;d'bfosf] :t/ j[lb ug{kg{] b]lvG5 .
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